West Africa (1977) surveys the first century of European enterprise – rivalry, and exploitation – in West Africa. It examines the achievements of the Portuguese during the century following their exploration of its shores, and the successive attempts of its rivals – Castilians, the French and English – to disrupt the commercial monopoly claimed by Portugal in West African waters.

A classic of simplicity! "Portrait Drawing" has guided and inspired a generation of artists to create beautiful, realistic portraits. In just eighty pages, author Wendon Blake covers all the basics, from papers and pencils to drawing eyes, nose, mouth, ears, and head from every angle. Drawings by artist John Lawn illustrate each point clearly, making it easy to master the basics and move on to conveying expression and emotion. Ten "demonstrations" show exactly how to put everything together for portraits that are more than the sum of their parts. Easy to understand, easy to use, this 25th Anniversary edition of "Portrait Drawing," newly updated for today's artists, shows the quick, rewarding way to master the fundamentals of a favorite genre.

There is often confusion over the meaning and usage of terms such as efficiency, economy, effectiveness, optimization, and perfection in biology. This book defines and discusses these concepts within a broad evolutionary perspective and considers how evolutionary pressures can affect the economy and efficiency of animals. Chapters consider biomaterials, skeletal systems, muscular function, aquatic and terrestrial locomotion, and cardiovascular systems. The result is a book of interest to all biologists, particularly those working in the field of comparative physiology and evolutionary biology.

There is often confusion over the meaning and usage of terms such as efficiency, economy, effectiveness, optimization, and perfection in biology. This book defines and discusses these concepts within a broad evolutionary perspective and considers how evolutionary pressures can affect the economy and efficiency of animals. Chapters consider biomaterials, skeletal systems, muscular function, aquatic and terrestrial locomotion, and cardiovascular systems. The result is a book of interest to all biologists, particularly those working in the field of comparative physiology and evolutionary biology.